फ्रांस में लोक सेवाओं का विकास (Evolution of Civil Services in France)
फ्रांस में सबसे प्राचीन आधुनिक सेविवर्ग-व्यवस्था प्रीफेक्ट संस्थाएँ थीं। फ्रांस में लोक सेवाओं का विकास प्रीफेक्ट 1789 के पूर्व व्यवस्था इण्टेनडैण्ट्स (Intendants) की उत्तराधिकारी है। 1789 के पूर्व फ्रांसीसी समाज राजा द्वारा नियंत्रित 30 इण्टेनडैण्ट्स द्वारा प्रशासनित था। प्रत्येक इण्टेनडैण्ट एक प्रॉविन्स (Province) प्रशासन के लिए उत्तरदायी था। वर्ष 1800 में नेपोलियन ने इण्टेनडैण्ट्स के स्थान पर क्षेत्रीय सम्भागों की स्थापना की। प्रत्येक क्षेत्रीय सम्भाग प्रीफेक्ट द्वारा प्रशासित था। 19वीं सदी के बीच क्षेत्रीय प्रशासन को पूर्णतः प्रीफेक्ट ने अपने नियन्त्रण में ले लिया। वे शांति व्यवस्था, पुलिस और चुनाव की तैयारी के प्रति उत्तरदायी थे। द्वितीय, तृतीय और चतुर्थ गणराज्य में प्रोजेक्ट की प्रशासनिक शक्ति में निरन्तर वृद्धि होती गयी और वे कैबिनेट मन्त्रियों के सलाहकार बन गये।
वितीय प्रबन्ध का महत्व
फ्रांस में लोक सेवा
आज भी फ्रांस की प्रशासनिक व्यवस्था में प्रोजेक्ट का विशेष महत्त्व है । फ्रांस में प्रत्येक ‘डिपार्टमेण्ट” में एक प्रीफेक्ट होता है जो उसका प्रशासकीय अधिकारी होता है। उसकी नियुक्ति गृहमन्त्री की सिफारिश पर राष्ट्रपति करता है। प्रीफेक्ट के कार्य के दो पक्ष हैं। प्रथम, राष्ट्रीय सरकार के प्रतिनिधि के रूप में वह डिपार्टमेण्ट में शान्ति व सुरक्षा की व्यवस्था करता है। साथ ही कर वसूली, शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य, यातायात, जन-निर्माण और जन-कल्याण कार्यों का निरीक्षण, निर्देशन एवं नियन्त्रण करता है। केन्द्रीय सरकार के प्रत्येक मन्त्रालय का वह प्रत्यक्ष प्रतिनिधि होता है और डिपार्टमेण्ट के सभी मंत्रियों के कार्यों का समन्वयकर्ता होता है। द्वितीय स्थानीय सरकार का वह प्रधान कार्यपालक है और इस हैसियत से डिपार्टमेण्ट की सभी इकाइयों पर उसका नियन्त्रण होता है तथा डिपार्टमेण्ट की स्थानीय सेवाओं के लिए अधिकारियों की नियुक्ति और उनके कार्यों की देखरेख नहीं करता है। अपने अधीनस्थ ‘एरोण्डाइजमेण्टों (Arrondissements) और ‘कम्यूनों” (Communes) के प्रशासन की देखभाल प्रीफेक्ट द्वारा की जाती है। प्रीफेक्ट ही कम्यूनों के बजट को स्वीकृत करता है और कम्यूनों के मेयरों पर नियन्त्रण रखता है । फ्रांस में लोक सेवाओं का विकास मुनरो के शब्दों में, “प्रीफेक्ट डिपार्टमेण्ट में जनता का पितातुल्य और प्रशासकीय केन्द्रीकृत जाल का केन्द्र-बिन्दु है ।” प्रीफेक्ट की सहायता के लिए उप-प्रीफेक्ट होते हैं। प्रीफेक्ट और उप-प्रीफेक्ट का जीवन-वृत्त अब नियमित लोक-सेवक पेशा हो गया है । यह इकोल नेशेनल डी एडमिनिस्ट्रेशन के स्नातकों के लिए खुला है। दूसरी सेविवर्ग व्यवस्था फ्रांस के राजाओं द्वारा प्रारम्भ की गयी थी जिसे नेपोलियन ने स्वीकृति प्रदान की। आगे चलकर विभिन्न शासकों द्वारा लोकतान्त्रिक और तर्कपूर्व-वैधानिक प्रशासनिक तत्वों की शुरुआत की गयी । इसी समयावधि के ऐतिहासिक विकास के बीच ब्रिटेन में संसद का राजा पर नियन्त्रण रहा, जबकि फ्रांस में अत्यन्त केन्द्रीकृत प्रशासन विद्यमान था।
[…] फ्रांस में लोक सेवाओं का विकास (Evolution of Civil… […]
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